Albert Hofmann آلبرت هوفمان

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Albert Hofmann آلبرت هوفمان

آلبرت هوفمان (به آلمانی: Albert Hofmann) (۱۱ ژانویه ۱۹۰۶ - ۲۹ آوریل ۲۰۰۸)، شیمی‌دان سوئیسی بود که ماده روانگردان ال اس دی را کشف کرد.

این محقق ال‌اس‌دی را در سال ۱۹۳۸ در حین آزمایش بر روی قارچی که بر روی غلات رشد می‌کند، کشف کرد.

اما او چندی بعد (۱۹۴۳)، به تاثیر روانگردان این دارو پی برد. آلبرت هوفمان بعد از این که به طور تصادفی مقداری از ال‌اس‌دی را خورد در ارتباط با تاثیرش این چنین گفت: «ال اس دی مرا به دنیای رویاها برد. با چشمان بسته تصاویر فوق‌العاده‌ای می‌دیدم که تاب خورده و کج و معوج بود.»

آلبرت هوفمان امیدوار بود که این دارو برای درمان بیماری‌های روانی مانند شیزوفرنی و همچنین پژوهش در نحوه عملکرد ذهن بشر استفاده شود اما ال‌اس‌دی به ماده روانگردان پرطرفدار دهه ۶۰ میلادی تبدیل شد.


en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Hofmann_Oct_1993.jpg




Albert Hofmann (January 11, 1906 – April 29, 200😎[1][2] was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann was also the first person to isolate, synthesize, and name the principal psychedelic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin.[3] He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books, including LS😨 Mein Sorgenkind (LS😨 My Problem Child).[2] In 2007 he shared first place, alongside Tim Berners-Lee, in a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses, published by The Telegraph newspaper.

Hofmann became an employee of the pharmaceutical-chemical department of Sandoz Laboratories (now a subsidiary of Novartis), located in Basel as a co-worker with professor Arthur Stoll, founder and director of the pharmaceutical department.[7] He began studying the medicinal plant squill and the fungus ergot as part of a program to purify and synthesize active constituents for use as pharmaceuticals. His main contribution was to elucidate the chemical structure of the common nucleus of the Scilla glycosides (an active principal of Mediterranean Squill).[7] While researching lysergic acid derivatives, Hofmann first synthesized LSD on November 16, 1938.[8] The main intention of the synthesis was to obtain a respiratory and circulatory stimulant (an analeptic) with no effects on the uterus in analogy to nikethamide (which is also a diethylamide) by introducing this functional group to lysergic acid. It was set aside for five years, until April 16, 1943, when Hofmann decided to reexamine it. While re-synthesizing LSD, he accidentally absorbed a small quantity through his fingertips[9] and fortuitously discovered its powerful effects. He described what he felt as being:

... affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated[-]like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.[10]

Three days later, on April 19, 1943, Hofmann intentionally ingested 250 micrograms of LSD. This day is now known as "Bicycle Day," because after starting to feel the effects of the drug he rode home on a bike, and that became the first intentional acid trip.[11]


From Wikipedia