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Switzerland


English Switzerland Swiss, is one of the countries of central Europe. Bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, the south of Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Trace Switzerland neutral foreign policy that dates back to 1515. The one of the richest countries in the world.

Geography
 
.tqa Switzerland in the south of Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the north, Italy to the south, and Austria to the east, and occupy land portion of the Alps and the Jura mountains, and its importance in the center of the continent of Europe, where the corridors of the Alps linking many European countries.

 
.mazahr Surface
 
. Land Switzerland mountain on the whole, with about 60% of the area of the alpine highlands, and this sector comprises 20% of the population and descend introductions about the Swiss plateau, and includes these introductions several lakes, and divided the Alps to several chains, the highest peak in the Swiss Alps (Monte Rosa ) and operates Switzerland portion of the Jura mountains where, followed by the southern section east of these mountains, and contains many of the valleys and rims, and penetrate some passages, stretching Swiss Plateau in the form of a corridor between the Alps and the Jura mountains, and different high plateau of the place of any other, has given it the mountainous nature rich forest tourist value .otnhsr great mountains between many refrigerators like (Alanc) and (Jornervezch), these refrigerators important tourist source, and spread fresh lakes, Switzerland.

Climate
Climate Switzerland belongs to the Central European model (climate alpine) and voter cool in general as snow covers most of the land in the winter and turn into refrigerators exploited by the Swiss tourism to practice sliding on the ice, and blowing from the mountains (Fahn) to the valleys, to affect valuable climate of low-lying areas, and precipitation prolific, and dominated by a warm summer PHP plateau areas and low valleys.

Population
Most of the Swiss population live in hilly regions, and in major cities such as Zurich, Basel, Geneva, Lausanne, and the least densely populated highlands, belongs population to German groups, make up the majority of the population of Switzerland, and speaks 75% of the German population, and the population Qrnsah elements Around 20% of the total population speak French, and Italian elements Q There are about 4% of the population speak Italian, and there are a large number of Swiss foreign approximately one million people.

Human activity
Switzerland advanced country, rising per capita incomes to a high level, and return this to the large number of economic activities Mtmars agriculture in low valleys and over the Central Plateau, with a ratio of workers in agriculture is about 4% of the workforce, and produces Switzerland 50% of the needs of agricultural materials, and the most important yields of grain, such as wheat, rye and rye, potatoes and fruit such as apples, grapes and mixed farming any raising of animals in farming areas, which increases as the income of farmers and there are grazing on the slopes of the mountains movement in the summer, and is famous for Switzerland dairy products, and exported abroad large amounts, but Latvian agriculture needs of the population, and forests cover large areas in the Swiss territory, but the country's poor mineral wealth, as well as put in energy materials, but it is rich in electrical power generated by the waterfalls, and is famous for its fine industries Kasaat, precision, medical instruments, chemicals, machinery, electrical appliances, the industry is a pillar of national income Swiss Tourism is an important resource in the Swiss income.

Language
Switzerland has four official languages: German, French, Italian, Romansh. The majority of the population of northern and central Switzerland speaks German, French in the west, in the south Italian and Romansh in the Central Highlands.

Religions in Switzerland
 
.soisra Is a secular country in nature, but the common religion in this country is Christianity, both sects Protestant and Catholic, but the majority in Switzerland are Albertstant, come after Christianity, Islam, where the immigrants from Turkey and the Balkans came to their religion in this country and there are a lot of Swiss who have converted to the Islamic faith, and the proportion of Muslims in this country, nearly 10%, and then comes the Jewish and Buddhist religion.

 
.aloaaad And holidays
Public holidays in Switzerland vary from canton to another. Here below list includes the most important holidays in the Confederacy. Conqueror of January. Friday's sad. One Easter. Easter Monday. Conqueror of May / May. Celebrated only in some cantons such as Basel, Geneva and Zurich. Holiday boarding or Khamis climb. A Pentecost. Two of Pentecost. (Flesh feast or festival Eucharist) celebrated by the Catholic cantons only. (Conqueror of August.) National Day of the Confederacy. (15 August / August) climb in the Catholic cantons holiday. (The second Sunday of September / September) Federal Day of Prayer. (Conqueror of November) Feast of All Saints, only in the Catholic cantons. 25 December / December. 26 December / December.

History
.athdt Areas Hvotz, Aontrvaldn and Uri in 1291 and so formed what is known today, Switzerland. Country gained independence from the Romanian empire holy year 1499. Switzerland trace neutral policy dating back to 1515, after losing to France in the Battle of Marignano. Switzerland announced in 1848 a federal state. Swiss State maintained its neutrality in the first and second world wars. Geneva in 1919 became the headquarters of the League of Nations. Issued the 1949 Geneva International Treaty, to protect civilians during war. Introduced several amendments to the Swiss constitution in 1999.

Political system
In Switzerland, as in most countries, the rule of law, separating powers between the three areas: the legislative, the executive and the judiciary.

The legislature (parliament) is the legislator. Chambers of Parliament (House of Representatives and the Senate) were discussing amendments to the Constitution, and the dailies federal laws, decrees, federal, and accept the general law treaties. Tantban as members of the federal government and the federal Tracban management.

The executive branch consists of the federal government and management. Represent the highest leading authority in the country and is responsible for government activity. Also involved in the legislative process under the guidance of the Preparatory fun during crystallization laws, and provide federal laws and decrees to Parliament.

The judiciary, which is also called the third power, they consist of the courts. On the federal level, it comes to the federal court and criminal court Alfdralaah Federal Administrative Court

Foreign Policy
Protected the foreign policy of strict neutral Switzerland from the scourge which engulfed Europe over the past centuries of wars. Switzerland became a member in 1960 of the Organization of the European Free Trade (EFTA) and in 1963 in the European Council. The Swiss refused to join the European Union in a referendum held in [[1992]

Economy
 
No. Switzerland generally enjoys considerable political weight. But on a commercial scale, the Confederation classified as medium economies in the world.

In the absence of natural resources - with the exception of water, glaciers, lakes and rivers, the Swiss economy is totally dependent on exports, which is characterized by high value-added.

With the exception of a few international cities, perhaps no other countries in this prosperity depends so much on export industries. And occupies Switzerland ranked 15 in the list of the largest exporting countries at the global level.

Normally, not looking the major Swiss companies, such as those active in the pharmaceutical industry, to sell more than 2% of its production in the Swiss market.

At the beginning of the industrial era, the Swiss abundance of water benefited to run textile factories mills. The abundant water is also a key pillar for the manufacture of paint and paint on which the later pharmaceutical industry in the city of Basel.

Industry
In the field of hydropower generation technological advances led to the emergence of a Swiss heavy engineering companies built plants to generate energy, and manufactured boats powered diesel and electric locomotives were exported to various parts of the world.

And stimulated heavy snow during the cold winter months the farmers to try to manufacture clocks instead of surrender atmosphere winter lethargy.

Embody good time, "added value" upon which the Swiss economy imagine. Swiss firms tend not to intensive production of consumer materials cheap option, because that might force them to import huge amounts of costly raw materials for processing. The net value of those products have not significantly higher for export to compete with global markets.

The cost of raw materials for the manufacture of an hour sold for 100 francs or 3000, not much different. However, the work that invests in the design, production and marketing of time imposes a huge difference.

The same applies to the small Swiss companies that produce oil, the operator of the engines of hours, as it refines those raw material to the maximum extent so that the final product price comparable to the price of gold or caviar.

Despite the availability of Switzerland on giants such as group "Nestlé" the food industry, and pharmaceutical companies, such as "Novartis" and "Rush", and banks such as the "Swiss banks Union" (UBS) and "Credit Suisse", and insurers such as "Zurich", do not represent these companies actually Switzerland as an industrialized nation, as two-thirds of economic production of the country is 98% dependent on the companies that employ less than 50 people.

Operates medium-sized enterprises and micro-1.45 million people, more than half of the total of not working for the public sector. Approximately 750 companies are available only at the hands of working exceed 250 people, but they represent only 30% of the total workforce in the country.

Switzerland and the EU
 
.soisra Is not a member of the European Union. The stakes have been enhanced to join Confederation if it is satisfied once the majority of the Swiss that the EU is stable and firm.

In December 1992, Swiss voters voted against joining the European economic area. The other three countries are members of the European Association of free trade as well as Switzerland, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, it has to join the European Economic Area chose, although the association still exists.

It remains to join the European Union, the Swiss government's objectives. The CSA has applied to join the Brussels, but the latter froze request Bern after Swiss voters rejected joining the European Economic Area.

Under the system of direct democracy in Switzerland, the application for membership to the European Union requires the approval of a majority of voters and a majority of twenty-six Swiss cantons.

At present, the government is aware that the supporters and opponents to join Europe ratio may be equal in the event of a referendum on the subject.

The Swiss-based lukewarm attitude of the European Union to several factors, most notably be seen as a system lacks democratic institutions. Swiss system of direct democracy, which requires constantly resort to initiatives and referenda repairs and modifications may require a radical line with the applicable EU rules.

There is also concern about the costs of joining: Switzerland has turn out to be a net contributor (maybe the last state) in EU funds. He also doubts about whether Swiss neutrality would be compatible with membership in the European Union.

Population distribution
 
Official languages in Switzerlan😛 [5]
██ Germans (63.7%; 72.5😵
██ French (20.4%; 21.0😵
██ Italians (6.5%; 4.3😵
██ Romanc (0.5%; 0.6😵, energy
 
The Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant is located in the canton of Aargau. The use of hydraulic energy in electricity production provides 13% of Switzerland's energy needs. Mountain cantons benefit from the extraction of electricity by hydropower with a value of 11 billion francs per year. There are more than half the power of hydraulic power stations are located in the cantons of Graubünden the Far East, and JM Ticino in the south and Uri in central Switzerland. The Switzerland since the mid-seventies to export part of the electricity produced from hydropower to some European countries, and thus represents an important center for the export of energy.

Culture
Theater
Switzerland is characterized by a long tradition and rich in theatrical field. Basel, Bern, Zurich and Geneva have produced works became famous outside its borders.

The major theaters are the lion's share of allocated for the arts in cities budgets. But there are also several small theaters specializing in classic works, or comedy, as well as some secondary business.

Switzerland also has an abundance of outdoor despite inclement weather often.

There are many platforms for outdoor productions of "William Tell" in Interlaken, and the "world stage" for Calderon every ten years in Oansildn, as well as "chrome farmers ceremony" (Fête des Vignerons) which perpetuates all twenty-five almost life-years rural producers of wine in the city of Vevey and its suburbs on the shores of Lake Leman, also called Lake Geneva.

Most of the plays and dramatic productions Swiss have local or linguistic roots. But Friedrich Dürrenmatt exceeded those strictures to achieve international fame as a playwright.

Dmitry - the clown of the southern canton Tencheno spokesman in Italian - made his name as an artist on stage. And founded a school for clowns in the town of Virchow recently got a situation equivalent to university level

Music
Many Swiss names for themselves in the field of making the world of classical music: Arthur Honegger and Othmar Schoeck were respected composers Mguetdran. Honegger spent most of his life in France, where he was among the avant-garde of the time (in the early twentieth century).

The conductor Ernest Oncirmit, has been linked Suisse Romande Orchestra, which he founded.

Charles Dutoit and Mathias Pamir also soon became famous at the international level Kqaúda Orchestra.

Jazz became popular in Switzerland after the thirties. To celebrate it, have organized cities and Oalsaw Montreux and Lugano popular festivals, the most famous of the International Jazz Festival in Montreux. Bern has a recognized school of jazz.

Switzerland is famous for during the summer season to organize a large number of musical events in the open air, the start of the popular and folk music through to classical music festivals.