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Political Ideologies

A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests.

Political ideologies have two dimensions:

1. Goals: How society should function or be organized.
2. Methods: The most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, theocracy, etc), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.

Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. opposition to European integration or the legalisation of marijuana).



eRepublik political ideologies:


Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a term employed by some scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior.

Most critics of the concept say that the term lacks explanatory power. They argue that governments that may be classified as totalitarian often lack characteristics said to be associated with the term. They may not be as monolithic as they appear from the outside, if they incorporate several groups, such as the army, political leaders, industrialists, which compete for power and influence. In this sense, these regimes may exhibit pluralism through the involvement of several groups in the political process.


Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism describes a form of social control characterized by strict obedience to the authority of a state or organization, often maintaining and enforcing control through the use of oppressive measures. Authoritarian regimes are strongly hierarchical.

In an authoritarian form of government, citizens are subject to state authority in many aspects of their lives, including many matters that other political philosophies would see as erosion of civil liberties and freedom. There are various degrees of authoritarianism; even very democratic and liberal states will show authoritarianism to some extent, for example in areas of national security. Usually, an authoritarian government is undemocratic and has the power to govern without consent of those being governed.

John Duckitt suggests a specific link exists between authoritarianism and collectivism. He claims that in both cases individual rights and goals are subjugated to group goals, expectations and conformities. However, many of those supporting collectivism who are critical of the collectivisation which took place in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and of the Communist tradition thereafter, claim to include various degrees of voluntary and consensus politics as a basis of collectivism, and argue that collectivism is the opposite of authoritarianism.


Libertarianism

Libertarianism is a political philosophy that upholds the principle of individual liberty.

Broadly speaking, there are two types of libertarians: rights theorists and consequentialists. Rights theorists hold that it is morally imperative that all human interaction, including government interaction with private individuals, should be voluntary and consensual. Or, to state it another way, they assert that all persons are the absolute owners of their own lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish with their persons or property, provided they allow others the same liberty. They maintain that the initiation of force by any person or government, against another person or their property—with force meaning the use of physical force, the threat of it, or the commission of fraud against someone—who has not initiated physical force, threat, or fraud, is a violation of that principle. They do not oppose force used in response to initiatory aggressions such as violence, fraud or trespassing.

Consequentialist libertarians, which are best known in academia, do not have a moral prohibition against "initiation of force," but believe that allowing a very large scope of political and economic liberty results in the maximum well-being or efficiency for a society. They maintain that a limited government is necessary for the advancement of these goals. This type of libertarianism is associated with Milton Friedman, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and James M. Buchanan. Some writers who have been called libertarians have also been referred to as classical liberals, by others or themselves. Also, some use the phrase "the freedom philosophy" to refer to libertarianism, classical liberalism, or both.

Libertarians favor an ethic of self-responsibility and strongly oppose conscription and the welfare state, because they believe coercing someone to provide charity and military service is ethically wrong, ultimately counter-productive, or both. Apart from some very basic principles favoring personal freedom and free markets, there is not a canon of "official" libertarian beliefs. Libertarians may disagree with other libertarians over specific issues. For example, they may differ over abortion issues, and some support the U.S. invasion of Iraq while some oppose it. There is a distinction between a libertarian and a member of a Libertarian Party, the latter of which would be called a Libertarian with a capital l, as not all libertarians agree with any particular libertarian organization's platform.

Libertarianism is most popular in the United States where it was the political philososophy advocated by Thomas Jefferson and several of the Founding Fathers. Polls show that 10 to 20 percent of voting-age Americans have libertarian views.


Anarchism

Anarchism (from Greek αναρχία, "without archons," "without rulers") is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which reject compulsory government and support its elimination, often due to a wider rejection of involuntary or permanent authority. Anarchism is defined by The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics as "a cluster of doctrines and attitudes centered on the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary."

There are many types and traditions of anarchism, not all of which are mutually exclusive. According to one reference, "there is no single defining position that all anarchists hold," beyond their rejection of compulsory government, "and those considered anarchists at best share a certain family resemblance. "Anarchists hold different views as to the economic organisation of society; some favor libertarian communism, collectivist anarchism or participatory economics while others support free market systems like mutualism, agorism, or anarcho-capitalism. Anarchist schools of thought may differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism.


RL Political Ideologies

collectivism ~ a political theory that the people should own the means of production
conservatism ~ a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes
segregationism ~ a political orientation favoring political or racial segregation
constitutionalism ~ advocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles
democracy ~ the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives
social democracy ~ the belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means
domino theory ~ the political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control
elitism ~ the attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals
extremism ~ any political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies
fascism ~ a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)
federalism ~ the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units
imperialism ~ a political orientation that advocates imperial interests
meritocracy ~ the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth
monarchism ~ a belief in and advocacy of monarchy as a political system
Negritude ~ an ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms; an affirmation of the African cultural heritage
Orleanism ~ the political philosophy of the Orleanists
progressivism ~ the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society
radicalism ~ the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society
reactionism ~ the political orientation of reactionaries
republicanism ~ the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government
socialism ~ a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
theocracy ~ the belief in government by divine guidance
Utopianism ~ the political orientation of a Utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection
dovishness ~ any political orientation favoring compromise to avoid conflict
hawkishness ~ any political orientation favoring aggressive policies


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